Modulasi pembungaan untuk efisiensi pemuliaan dan optimalisasi biomassa: Tinjauan molekuler dan bioteknologi
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.70158/buitenzorg.v2i1.18Abstrak
Pengaturan waktu pembungaan merupakan penentu penting keberhasilan reproduksi tanaman dan sifat utama untuk mengoptimalkan adaptasi tanaman, stabilitas hasil, dan efisiensi pemuliaan. Tinjauan ini menyoroti kemajuan terkini dalam jalur molekuler yang mengendalikan pembungaan, termasuk penginderaan fotoperiode, vernalisasi dan respons suhu, pengaturan otonom dan hormonal, dan jaringan integrator bunga. Gen-gen utama seperti FT, SOC1, FLC, TFL1, dan Ghd7 berfungsi sebagai simpul pusat dalam jalur-jalur yang saling berhubungan ini. Penerapan alat rekayasa genetika—termasuk ekspresi gen yang berlebihan, penghapusan yang dimediasi CRISPR/Cas, penyuntingan promotor, dan sistem ekspresi sementara—telah memungkinkan manipulasi fenologi pembungaan yang tepat di berbagai tanaman. Strategi-strategi ini telah mempercepat pemuliaan jalur cepat pada tanaman tahunan beriklim sedang dan tropis dan memfasilitasi peningkatan biomassa vegetatif pada tanaman hijauan dan tanaman industri melalui pembungaan yang tertunda. Namun, penerapan genotipe yang dimodifikasi pembungaan menghadirkan tantangan, termasuk interaksi lingkungan, pertukaran fenologi, pengaturan biosafety, dan dampak ekologis potensial. Arah masa depan harus menekankan integrasi pengendalian waktu pembungaan dengan platform pemuliaan cepat, seleksi genomik, dan desain sifat adaptif iklim, yang disesuaikan dengan kebutuhan khusus spesies dan wilayah. Pendekatan multidisiplin seperti itu akan sangat penting untuk memajukan ketahanan, produktivitas, dan keberlanjutan tanaman dalam kondisi lingkungan yang berubah.
Kata kunci: pengaturan waktu pembungaan, rekayasa genetika, gen FT, pemuliaan cepat, pengoptimalan biomassa
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